Zarma Verb "hantum" — to write

hantum

to write

Type

Action verb

Patterns

6 tense/aspect forms

Completive (Past)

The unmarked (bare) verb form expresses completed actions — the default past tense.

Completive (past)

Structure: Subject + hantum

Ay hantum.

I wrote.

Incompletive (Habitual)

The marker "ga" before the verb expresses habitual or general present actions.

Habitual marker: ga

Structure: Subject + ga + hantum

Ay ga hantum.

I write (regularly).

Progressive (Ongoing)

The marker "go ga" expresses actions currently in progress.

Progressive marker: go ga

Structure: Subject + go ga + hantum

Ay go ga hantum.

I am writing.

Future

The marker "ma" before the verb expresses future actions or intentions.

Future marker: ma

Structure: Subject + ma + hantum

Ay ma hantum.

I will write.

Negative (Habitual)

The marker "si" negates habitual or present actions.

Negative habitual marker: si

Structure: Subject + si + hantum

Ay si hantum.

I don't write.

Negative (Past)

The marker "mana" negates completed past actions.

Negative past marker: mana

Structure: Subject + mana + hantum

Ay mana hantum.

I didn't write.

Imperative (Commands)

Singular uses the bare verb. Plural adds wa before the verb.

Form	Zarma
Singular (you)	Hantum!
Plural (you all)	Wa hantum!

Example Sentences

Hantum ni maa!

Write your name!

A go ga hantum tira.

He/she is writing a letter.

Ay hantum a kul.

I wrote everything.