Grammar Focus
- Future tense and future perfect construction
- Conditional sentences
- Irregular present and Past I forms
- Gender in pronouns after phrase relators
Reading Selections
Course Material
49.1 Basic Sentences — Carmen’s Cousin Runs for Congress
Carmen and Molina discuss Pepe Lucho’s candidacy for congressman.
| English | Spanish |
|---|---|
| the cousin | el primo |
| the deputy, the congressman | el diputado |
| Jose, I have great news. My cousin Pepe Lucho is a candidate for congressman. What do you think of that? | José, tengo una gran noticia. Mi primo Pepe Lucho está de candidato a Diputado. ¿Qué te parece? |
| (they) will be (to be) | serán (ser) |
| (we) will have (to have) | tendremos (tener) |
| the voter | el votante |
| Pepe Lucho? Don’t tell me! Gosh, there’ll be ten candidates now with him. We’ll soon have more candidates than voters. | ¿¡Pepe Lucho? ¡No me digas! Caramba, con él serán diez los candidatos ahora. Muy pronto tendremos más candidatos que votantes. |
| (he) will win (to win) | ganará (ganar) |
| intelligent | inteligente |
| astute, shrewd | astuto |
| (the) politics | la política |
| Yes, but Pepe will win. He’s very intelligent and shrewd in politics. | Sí, pero Pepe ganará; él es muy inteligente y astuto en política. |
| elected | electo |
| the program | el programa |
| immediate | inmediato |
| to turn out | salir |
| And if he’s elected, what is his immediate program going to be? | Y si sale electo, ¿cuál va a ser su programa inmediato? |
| (it) will be (to be) | será (ser) |
| the construction | la construcción |
| the house, the dwelling | la vivienda |
| the worker | el obrero |
| I’m not sure: if he told me I’ve forgotten. I think it’ll be principally the construction of inexpensive housing for workers. | No estoy segura: si me lo dijo, se me olvidó. Creo que será principalmente la construcción de viviendas baratas para obreros. |
| own | propio |
| He’s going to begin with his own house, isn’t he? | Va a empezar con su propia vivienda, ¿verdad? |
| funny | chistoso |
| to read | leer |
| the manifest, the statement | el manifiesto |
| Very funny! If you want to know about his program, read his statement tomorrow. | ¡Chistoso! Si quieres conocer su programa, lee mañana su manifiesto. |
| able, skillful | hábil |
| (he) will have (to have) | tendrá (tener) |
| the support | el apoyo |
| Pepe is a very able man and he’ll have the support of the whole family. | Pepe es un hombre muy hábil y tendrá el apoyo de toda la familia. |
| effective | efectivo |
| Well, it’ll be very effective help, because Pepe has some eight uncles and twenty cousins. | Pues será una ayuda muy efectiva, porque Pepe tiene como ocho tíos y veinte primos. |
| the rumor | el rumor |
| there will be (to have, there to be) | habrá (haber) |
| to impede, to prevent | impedir |
| But there are a lot of rumors running around now that there’ll be a revolution to prevent the election. | Pero ahora corren muchos rumores de que habrá una revolución para impedir las elecciones. |
| very likely | a lo mejor |
| the tranquility, the calm | la tranquilidad |
| (they) will do (to do) | harán (hacer) |
| the party member, the supporter | el partidario |
| Could be, because for five months now it’s been pretty calm. And if there is a revolution, what will Pepe and his supporters do? | A lo mejor, porque ya hace cinco meses que ha habido mucha tranquilidad. Y si hay una revolución, ¿qué harán Pepe y sus partidarios? |
| the arm, the weapon | el arma (f.) |
| the constitution | la constitución |
| Pepe, of course, will be one of the first to take up arms to defend the Constitution. | Pepe, por supuesto, será uno de los primeros en tomar las armas para defender la Constitución. |
| Most likely he’ll be one of the first to run. Ha, ha, ha! | Lo más probable es que él sea uno de los primeros en correr. ¡Ja, ja, ja! |
| Now stop joking! | ¡Hombre, ya déjate de bromas! |
| serious | serio |
| seriously | en serio |
| the coalition | la coalición |
| to triumph | triunfar |
| Well, speaking seriously, what will the Coalition Party’s program be if their candidates win? | Bueno, hablando en serio, ¿cuál será el programa del Partido de Coalición si sus candidatos triunfan? |
| (they) will help (to help) | ayudarán (ayudar) |
| (they) will ask (to ask) | pedirán (pedir) |
| the bank | el banco |
| the development | el fomento |
| the farmer | el agricultor |
| the interest | el interés |
| low | bajo |
| Mainly they will help to develop agriculture, and they will ask the Development Bank for help in making loans to farmers at very low interest. | Principalmente ayudarán a desarrollar la agricultura y pedirán ayuda al Banco de Fomento para hacerles préstamos a los agricultores a un interés muy bajo. |
| to cooperate | cooperar |
| the campaign | la campaña |
| Ah, that’s wonderful. If that’s the case, I’ll cooperate in the campaign too. Long live Pepe Lucho! | Ah, eso está magnífico. Si es así, yo también cooperaré en la campaña. ¡Que viva Pepe Lucho! |
49.10 Notes on the Basic Sentences
(1) The construction está de candidato illustrates a common pattern in Spanish: estar + de + noun, implying a more or less transitory occupation. Está de profesor suggests ‘He’s a teacher right now’, as contrasted to Es profesor, ‘He’s a teacher (by profession)’.
(2) Habrá ‘there will be’ in this sentence and ha habido ‘there has been’ in the following sentence are typical examples of the impersonal use of forms of haber. In the present indicative only, there is a special form hay ‘there is, there are’ for this use. In all other tenses the ordinary third person singular is used in the same way. Note that even with a plural noun or pronoun, the singular form of haber is used.
(3) The English word election is usually rendered in Spanish by the plural form elecciones. Cf. Note 3, 48.10.
49.2 Drills and Grammar
49.21.1 The Future Tense and Future Perfect
The future tense is formed on the same stem as the conditional tense (the infinitive, modified for irregular verbs). The future perfect uses habré/habrás/habrá/habremos/habrán + -do form.
| English | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Then I’ll call the colonel. | Entonces llamaré al coronel. |
| I’ll explain that to you later. | Eso se lo explicaré después. |
| We’ll go slowly. | Iremos despacio. |
| Next time we’ll stay longer. | La próxima vez nos quedaremos más tiempo. |
| Carmen will put on half-mourning. | Carmen se pondrá medio luto. |
| And that way she’ll be able to wear that lovely evening dress she has. | Y así podrá estrenar ese traje de noche tan lindo que tiene. |
| He’ll be one of the first to take up arms. | Será uno de los primeros en tomar las armas. |
| With him there will be ten candidates now. | Con él serán diez los candidatos ahora. |
| Mainly they will help to develop agriculture and will ask the Development Bank for help. | Principalmente ayudarán a desarrollar la agricultura y pedirán ayuda al Banco de Fomento. |
| Yes, but Pepe will win. | Sí, pero Pepe ganará. |
| Very soon we’ll have more candidates than voters. | Muy pronto tendremos más candidatos que votantes. |
| He’ll have the support of the whole family. | Tendrá el apoyo de toda la familia. |
| But now there are rumors that there’ll be a revolution. | Pero ahora corren rumores de que habrá una revolución. |
| What will Pepe and his supporters do? | ¿Qué harán Pepe y sus partidarios? |
| Will you leave before ten? | ¿Saldrás antes de las diez? |
| All that clothing won’t fit in my suitcase. | No cabrá toda esa ropa en mi maleta. |
| We will come when we can. | Vendremos cuando podamos. |
| They will have gone by the time we arrive. | Se habrán ido para cuando lleguemos. |
| I will have spoken with him by tomorrow. | Habré hablado con él para mañana. |
| He will have seen me by then. | Me habrá visto para entonces. |
49.21.2 Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences may use various tense combinations. When the condition is clearly fact or non-committal, no subjunctive appears. When the condition is improbable or contrary to fact, past or past perfect subjunctive appears in the if-clause with conditional or conditional perfect in the result clause.
| Type | If-clause | Result clause |
|---|---|---|
| Non-committal | Present indicative, Past I, etc. | Future, Past I, Command, etc. |
| Improbable/Contrary to fact | Past subjunctive or Past perfect subjunctive | Conditional or Conditional perfect |
Examples: Si quieres, yo te puedo ayudar. | Si me graduara podría trabajar. | Si hubiera sabido, te habría avisado.
Readings
- “Mediodía en la Capital”
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