Volume 3 Unit 40 of 55

Moving to a New House

FSI Spanish Basic Course

Grammar Focus

  • Present subjunctive in adverbial clauses
  • Conditional sentences

Course Material

40.1 Basic Sentences — Carmen’s Grandmother Dies

Molina arrives at the office, and tells White that Carmen’s grandmother has just died.

Dialogue

EnglishSpanish
John, I’m not going to work today.Juan, hoy no voy a trabajar.
I’ve asked for the day off.He pedido el día libre.
Is something the matter?¿Pasa algo?
Yes. Carmen’s grandmother died yesterday afternoon.Sí. A Carmen se le murió la abuela ayer por la tarde.
I’m very sorry!¡Cuánto lo siento!
And how has Carmen stood up under it?¿Y cómo ha quedado Carmen?
Very sad. I’m going over there now.Muy triste. Voy para allá ahora.
There has to be someone to help them.Tiene que haber alguien que les ayude.
When’s the funeral?¿Cuándo es el entierro?
This afternoon at four.Esta tarde a las cuatro.
How does one write a note of sympathy?¿Cómo se escribe una tarjeta de pésame?
You simply put ‘My very deepest sympathy.‘Simplemente pones ‘Mi más sentido pésame.‘
But you can give it to her and her aunt personally.Pero puedes dárselo a ella y a su tía personalmente.
Now you’ll be in mourning, won’t you?Ahora vas a estar de luto, ¿no?
Not me. Carmen will put on half-mourning for a few months.Yo no. Carmen se pondrá medio luto mientras pasan unos meses.
See you this afternoon.Nos vemos esta tarde.
Okay. Right now I have to go have the wreath made.Bueno, ahora tengo que mandar a hacer la corona.

Vocabulary

EnglishSpanish
freelibre
the day offel día libre
to diemorirse
to remainquedar
sadtriste
the burial, funeralel entierro
the cardla tarjeta
the condolenceel pésame
the note of sympathyla tarjeta de pésame
simplysimplemente
the auntla tía
personallypersonalmente
the mourningel luto
to be in mourningestar de luto
to put on (oneself)ponerse
to order, to sendmandar
to order made, to have mademandar a hacer
the wreath, crownla corona

40.10 Notes on the Basic Sentences

(1) The Spanish phrase, translated literally ‘How much I feel it (or regret it),’ sounds quite stilted and affected to English ears. The student must assume that it is not so in Spanish.

(2) Literally, ‘How has Carmen remained?’

(3) What may appear to be undue haste in completing funeral arrangements is no more than custom in many areas, dating from a time when the haste may have been necessary. In some areas, of course, it still is.

(4) A custom which is common enough in many areas of the world, including our own, but especially so in Latin America. The note is often quite a formal card, sometimes edged in black, rather than the personal note of sympathy with which we are familiar here, though of course the latter also is widely used. The very fact that the manner of preparing and sending such a note can be talked about in this way, plus the fact that such notes must be answered by similar cards, reflects the level of formality at which the behavior is carried on.

(5) Luto is the exterior indication of mourning: in clothes (black), arm-bands, etc. It has the transferred or extended meaning of mourning in general.

(6) ‘Half-mourning’ is a manner of dress that shows substantial respect for the dead without total involvement (all-black clothes, veil, no make-up, etc). For women, it may mean dressing predominantly in black or violet, or at least darker shades of gray with symbolic black trimming or ornamentation; for men, it may not extend beyond the symbolic arm-band, lapel strip or even a black tie.


40.2 Drills and Grammar

40.21.1 Present Subjunctive in Noun Modifying Clauses

If the noun which is modified is something definite and identifiable, the verb in the modifying clause is indicative. But if the noun is indefinite, nonspecific, or nonexistent, the verb in the modifying clause is subjunctive.

Illustrations

EnglishSpanish
I’m looking for the porter that speaks English.Busco al mozo que habla inglés.
I’m looking for a porter that speaks English.Busco a un mozo que hable inglés.
There’s a stand here that has fresh vegetables.Aquí hay un puesto que tiene legumbres frescas.
Is there a stand here that has fresh vegetables?¿Hay aquí un puesto que tenga legumbres frescas?
There’s a person who will vouch for you.Hay una persona que responde por usted.
Do you have someone who will vouch for you?¿Tiene alguna persona que responda por usted?
There’s a box there that will do.Ahí hay una caja que sirve.
There’s nothing there that’s any good.Ahí no hay nada que sirva.
There’s a chauffeur that will help them.Hay un chofer que les ayuda.
There has to be someone to help them.Tiene que haber alguien que les ayude.
He wants to meet the brunette who speaks English.Quiere conocer a la morena que habla inglés.
He wants to meet a brunette who speaks English.Quiere conocer a una morena que hable inglés.
I need the secretary who understands Spanish.Necesito a la secretaria que entiende español.
I need a secretary who understands Spanish.Necesito una secretaria que entienda español.
Anything he needs, he lets me know.Cualquier cosa que necesita, me avisa.
Whatever you need, let me know.Cualquier cosa que necesite, avíseme.
In spite of what you’re saying, it isn’t true.A pesar de lo que tú dices, no es cierto.
In spite of what you may say, it isn’t true.A pesar de lo que tú digas, no es cierto.
Buy the ones John says to.Compre las que Juan dice.
Buy whichever ones John says to.Compre las que Juan diga.
Give me the ones you have.Déme los que tiene.
Give me whatever ones you have.Déme los que tenga.
Take the one you want (already selected).Llévese el que quiere.
Take whichever one you want.Llévese el que quiera.
Whatever you wish (have it your way).Lo que tú quieras.
Be that as it may.Sea lo que sea.
Let them say what they want.Digan lo que digan.

Grammar

In this pattern, subjunctive verb forms appear in clauses which modify nouns or nominalized forms. The noun (or nominalized form) which is modified determines whether an indicative or a subjunctive verb form will appear in the modifying clause. If the modified noun is being identified as a specific, individual item (person, place, etc.) the verb in the modifying clause is indicative. If the modified noun is conceived as something indefinite, nonspecific, not yet identified, or nonexistent, the verb in the modifying clause is subjunctive.

A helpful clue to the form of the verb in the modifying clause is frequently present in the article modifying the same noun. If the definite article (el, la, etc.) appears, the verb in question will undoubtedly be indicative. If the indefinite article (un, una, etc.) appears, the verb will probably be subjunctive.

Since items not yet identified are often alluded to in questions, and since nonexistent items are often alluded to in negative statements, subjunctive verbs frequently occur in clauses modifying such items.

There are a number of fixed expressions with lo que which are very common in everyday conversation. One frequent pattern has two identical subjunctive forms on either side of lo que:

SpanishEnglish
Sea lo que sea.Be that as it may.
Digan lo que digan.Let them say anything they want to.
Hagamos lo que hagamos.Let’s do whatever we feel like.

Substitution Drill — Construction Substitution

Problem (definite → indefinite)Answer
Quiero conocer a la morena que baila bien. → a una morenaQuiero conocer a una morena que baile bien.
Busco la casa que tiene dos pisos. → una casaBusco una casa que tenga dos pisos.
Necesito hablar con la persona que sabe traducir. → una personaNecesito hablar con una persona que sepa traducir.
Hay una calle que es estrecha. → No hay una calleNo hay una calle que sea estrecha.
Tengo que ir a la tienda donde venden ropa buena. → a una tiendaTengo que ir a una tienda donde vendan ropa buena.
¿Dónde está la secretaria que habla inglés? → encuentro una secretaria¿Dónde encuentro una secretaria que hable inglés?
¿Cuándo me presentas a la muchacha que juega tenis? → a una muchacha¿Cuándo me presentas a una muchacha que juegue tenis?
Hay algo que puede servirte. → No hay nadaNo hay nada que pueda servirte.
Hay alguien que habla inglés. → No hay nadieNo hay nadie que hable inglés.

Translation Drill

EnglishSpanish
I want the house that has four rooms.Quiero la casa que tiene cuatro cuartos.
I want a house that has four rooms.Quiero una casa que tenga cuatro cuartos.
I have to go to the store where they have everything.Tengo que ir a la tienda donde hay de todo.
I have to go to a store where they have everything.Tengo que ir a una tienda donde haya de todo.
I need the secretary that speaks English and Spanish.Necesito a la secretaria que habla inglés y español.
I need a secretary that speaks English and Spanish.Necesito una secretaria que hable inglés y español.
I’m looking for the house that’s colonial style.Busco la casa que es de estilo colonial.
I’m looking for a house that’s colonial style.Busco una casa que sea de estilo colonial.
There’s one avenue that’s very pretty.Hay una avenida que es muy bonita.
There’s not one avenue that’s pretty.No hay una avenida que sea bonita.
Where can I find the engineer who does such good jobs?¿Dónde encuentro al ingeniero que hace tan buenos trabajos?
Where can I find an engineer who can do such good jobs?¿Dónde encuentro un ingeniero que haga tan buenos trabajos?
I know someone who has a car.Conozco a alguien que tiene auto.
I don’t know anybody who has a car.No conozco a nadie que tenga auto.
We pay the one who helps us most.Le pagamos a la que nos ayuda más.
We’ll pay whichever one helps us most.Le pagamos a la que nos ayude más.
I’m going to take the ones who have fewer suitcases.Yo voy a llevar a las que tienen menos maletas.
I’m going to take whichever ones have fewer suitcases.Yo voy a llevar a las que tengan menos maletas.
She’s going to invite the one who dances well.Ella va a invitar al que baila bien.
She’s going to invite whichever one dances well.Ella va a invitar al que baile bien.
I’ll return with the one who plays the guitar.Yo vuelvo con la que toca la guitarra.
I’ll return with whichever one plays the guitar.Yo vuelvo con la que toque la guitarra.
Let him say whatever he wants, it’s OK.Diga lo que diga, está bien.
Let him bring anything he wants; I don’t like it.Traiga lo que traiga, no me gusta.
Be that as it may, it doesn’t matter to me.Sea lo que sea, no me importa.
Whatever he does, he does it well.Haga lo que haga, todo lo hace bien.
However much she cleans, she leaves everything dirty.Limpie lo que limpie, todo lo deja sucio.
No matter how much he sleeps, he never wants to get up.Duerma lo que duerma, nunca quiere levantarse.
Let come what may, he always sings.Pase lo que pase, siempre canta.

Note: The full drills (replacement drills, response drills) are designed for oral work with audio. Open the Student Text PDF for complete drill sets.

Variation Drills

A. Juan, hoy no voy a trabajar.

EnglishSpanish
John, I’m not going to go out today.Juan, hoy no voy a salir.
Look, I’m not going to go out today.Mira, hoy no voy a salir.
Look, I’m not going to be able to today.Mira, hoy no voy a poder.
Listen, I’m not going to need to today.Oye, hoy no voy a necesitar.
Listen, I’m not going out to take a walk tomorrow.Oye, mañana no salgo a pasear.
Imagine, I’m not going out to practice tomorrow.Fíjate, mañana no salgo a practicar.
Imagine, I’m not going out to the court tomorrow.Fíjate, mañana no salgo a la cancha.

B. Tiene que haber alguien que les ayude.

EnglishSpanish
There has to be someone that remembers them.Tiene que haber alguien que les recuerde.
There has to be someone that hears them.Tiene que haber alguien que les oiga.
There has to be someone to explain to them.Tiene que haber alguien que les explique.
There has to be someone to tell them.Tiene que haber alguien que les diga.
There has to be someone to cook for us.Tiene que haber alguien que nos cocine.
There has to be someone to wash for us.Tiene que haber alguien que nos lave.
There has to be someone to serve us.Tiene que haber alguien que nos sirva.

C. Esta tarde a las cuatro.

EnglishSpanish
This afternoon at three.Esta tarde a las tres.
This afternoon at a quarter past three.Esta tarde a las tres y cuarto.
This afternoon at three thirty.Esta tarde a las tres y media.
This afternoon at three forty-five.Esta tarde a las tres y cuarenta y cinco.
Tonight at ten.Esta noche a las diez.
Tonight at ten ten.Esta noche a las diez y diez.
Tonight at ten twenty-five.Esta noche a las diez y veinticinco.

D. Simplemente pones ‘Mi más sentido pésame.‘

EnglishSpanish
You just say, ‘My very deepest sympathy.‘Simplemente dices, ‘Mi más sentido pésame.‘
You just say, ‘I’m very sorry.‘Simplemente dices, ‘Lo siento mucho.‘
You just write, ‘I’m very sorry.‘Simplemente escribes, ‘Lo siento mucho.‘
You just write, ‘My friend John.‘Simplemente escribes, ‘Mi amigo Juan.‘
You just begin, ‘My friend John.‘Simplemente empiezas, ‘Mi amigo Juan.‘
You just put, ‘Very gratefully.‘Simplemente pones, ‘Muy agradecido.‘
You just sign, ‘John Harris.‘Simplemente firmas, ‘John Harris.‘

E. Ahora vas a estar de luto, ¿no?

EnglishSpanish
Now you’ll be free, won’t you?Ahora vas a estar libre, ¿no?
Now you’ll be quiet.Ahora vas a estar tranquilo.
Now he’ll be here.Ahora va a estar aquí.
Afterwards he’ll be sad.Después va a estar triste.
Afterwards he’ll be grateful.Después va a estar agradecido.
Afterwards they’ll be sick.Después van a estar enfermos.
Afterwards they’ll be worried.Después van a estar preocupados.

F. Carmen se pondrá medio luto mientras pasan unos meses.

EnglishSpanish
Carmen will put on mourning for a few months.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unos meses.
Carmen will put on mourning for about three months.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unos tres meses.
Carmen will put on mourning for about three weeks.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unas tres semanas.
Carmen will put on mourning for about two or three weeks.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unas dos o tres semanas.
Carmen will put on mourning for a few weeks.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unas semanas.
Carmen will put on mourning for a few days.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasan unos días.
Carmen will put on mourning for a time.Carmen se pondrá luto mientras pasa un tiempo.

40.24 Review Drills

40.24.1 Adjective Position — Obligatory Postposed Adjectives

EnglishSpanish
Hand me that red shirt.Páseme esa camisa roja.
Hand me that yellow bag.Páseme esa bolsa amarilla.
Hand me that black hat.Páseme ese sombrero negro.
Hand me that grey suit.Páseme ese traje gris.
Hand me that green pen.Páseme esa pluma verde.
Hand me that purple cloth.Páseme esa tela morada.
Hand me that blue pencil.Páseme ese lápiz azul.
Hand me that orange book.Páseme ese libro anaranjado.
Hand me that white dress.Páseme ese vestido blanco.
I met the Spanish girl.Conocí a la señorita española.
I met the American girl.Conocí a la señorita americana.
I met the Spanish gentleman.Conocí al señor español.
I met the American gentleman.Conocí al señor americano.

40.24.2 Nominalization of Demonstratives

ProblemAnswer
¿Quién es ese señor?¿Quién es ése?
¿Quién es esa señorita?¿Quién es ésa?
¿Quién es ese hombre?¿Quién es ése?
¿Quién es aquél muchacho?¿Quién es aquél?
¿Quién es aquella morena?¿Quién es aquélla?
¿Quiénes son esos señores?¿Quiénes son ésos?
¿Quiénes son esas muchachas?¿Quiénes son ésas?
¿Quiénes son aquellos tenientes?¿Quiénes son aquéllos?

40.4 Readings

40.41 Life in Surlandia — Solución del Conflicto

A reading about the resolution of the conflict between Surlandia and Andivia through the OAS peace mechanism. The Council of the OAS constituted itself as a Provisional Organ of Consultation, sent a commission to investigate the facts on the ground, required Andivia to withdraw its troops, and brokered a Pact of Friendship between the two nations. The Fuentes brothers returned home as heroes.

40.42 Features — La Organización de los Estados Americanos y la Paz y Seguridad del Continente

A reading about the OAS and continental peace and security, tracing the development of inter-American defense mechanisms from the 1936 Buenos Aires Conference through the Act of Chapultepec and the 1947 Rio Treaty, covering collective security provisions, consultation procedures, and the establishment of a hemispheric security zone.