34.1 Basic Sentences — Molina Talks with an Economist
Molina and Colonel Harris are drinking coffee in a restaurant downtown. Molina, who has arrived a little late, tells Harris about the visit that he has just made to a friend who works for the ICA (Point IV) in Surlandia.
Vocabulary
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| the charge, responsibility | el cargo |
| to be in charge of | tener a cargo |
| the point | el punto |
| the visit | la visita |
| the class, kind, type | la clase |
| principally | principalmente |
| to prepare | preparar |
| technical | técnico |
| the specialist | el especialista |
| to improve | mejorar |
| the agriculture | la agricultura |
| to develop | desarrollar |
| the industry | la industria |
| the commerce | el comercio |
| to spend | gastar |
| the silver (money, colloquial) | la plata |
| the economy | la economía |
| the loan | el préstamo |
| the expense | el gasto |
Dialog
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Do you know Ted Barber? | ¿Conoces tú a Ted Barber? |
| No. Who is he? | No. ¿Quién es? |
| He’s the one that’s in charge of Point Four. | Es el que tiene a su cargo lo del punto cuarto. |
| Have you just seen him? | ¿Vienes de verlo? |
| Yes. I just talked with him. | Sí. Acabo de hablar con él. |
| The visit that I had with him was very interesting. | La visita que le hice fue muy interesante. |
| Man, I didn’t know Surlandia needed this kind of aid. | Hombre, no sabía que Surlandia necesitaba ayuda de esta clase. |
| Of course. Principally to prepare technical specialists. | Por supuesto. Principalmente para preparar técnicos especialistas. |
| Technicians in what? | ¿Técnicos en qué? |
| Well, to improve agriculture and develop industry and commerce. | Pues para mejorar la agricultura y desarrollar la industria y el comercio. |
| I bet you that’ll cost plenty, won’t it? | Se debe gastar mucha plata en esto, ¿no? |
| Yes, but it’s worth it for the country’s economy. | Sí, pero vale la pena para la economía del país. |
| Now it looks like they’re going to make us another loan. | Ahora parece que nos van a hacer otro préstamo. |
| Does the United States put up the whole thing? | ¿Lo pone todo Estados Unidos? |
| No. The United States sends technicians and we pay a part of the cost. | No. Estados Unidos manda técnicos, y nosotros pagamos una parte de los gastos. |
34.10 Notes on the Basic Sentences
(1) Note that the verb used with visita ‘visit’ is hacer ‘make’: ‘the visit that I made him.’
(2) Note the intonation pattern of the Spanish for this sentence: it ends in a level that does not drop to as low a pitch, and cuts off more abruptly at the end — common in some dialects such as Mexican.
(3) The word técnico is a noun modifier meaning ‘technical’, which like all noun modifiers is capable of being nominalized, as in the next sentence where it means ‘technicians.’
(4) The use of the word plata ‘silver’ in the extended meaning ‘money’ is typical of a very informal conversational style.
(5) Se debe gastar mucha plata en esto, ¿no? is hard to translate literally: ‘One ought to spend lots of money on this, shouldn’t one?’ — but meaning ‘One probably will spend…’ A parallel in English might be: ‘I’m going to see The Night Riders; it ought to be a good show,’ where ‘it ought to be’ means something like ‘It probably will be.‘
34.2 Drills and Grammar
34.21.1 The Phrase Relators por and para
One of the most difficult overlaps in Spanish (from the English point of view) is that of por and para, both of which translate English ‘for.’ The most useful generalization is the concepts of ‘motion through’ versus ‘motion to.’ Sometimes the application is figurative, but it is nearly always helpful.
Considering por as ‘means’ and para as ‘destination’ is very helpful pedagogically, but there are some fixed expressions that are probably best learned as units: por lo menos ‘at least,’ por fin ‘at last,’ etc.
Key Meanings of por
| Meaning | Example |
|---|
| in exchange for | Gracias por la información. |
| during, in | No puedo venir los viernes por la tarde. |
| along | Ese que pasa por ahí es el coronel Harris. |
| through | Yo sólo anduve por el parque. |
| around | ¿Cómo sigue todo por su casa, señora? |
| via | No, van a venir por avión. |
| by | Debe ser un médico aceptado por la Embajada. |
| on behalf of | ¿Tiene alguna persona que responda por Ud.? |
| because of | No, por mí no se queden. |
| to call for | Paso por ti a las ocho. |
| to get | Vámonos arriba por lo suyo. |
| why | ¿Por qué no vamos el quince y apostamos? |
Key Meanings of para
| Meaning | Example |
|---|
| what for | ¿Para qué es esto? |
| for the use of | Los artículos para caballeros están abajo. |
| for the benefit of | Y sobre todo, bueno para los niños. |
| for the purpose of | Estoy a sus órdenes para ayudarle. |
| enough for | Traiga para los dos. |
| to justify | Es sólo un pretexto para reunirse. |
| in order to | Principalmente para preparar técnicos especialistas. |
| to (destination) | Yo voy para la ciudad. |
| available for | Apenas tenemos media hora para vestirnos. |
| until | Déjalo para las once. |
| as for | Para mí lo más emocionante son las carreras de caballos. |
Fixed Expressions with por
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|
| por favor | please |
| por supuesto | of course |
| por ahora | for now |
| por fin | at last |
| por lo visto | apparently |
| por lo menos | at least |
| por lo pronto | for the time being |
| por poco | almost |
Translation Drill — Paired Sentences (por vs. para)
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| I’m going by way of Chile. | Voy por Chile. |
| I’m going to Chile. | Voy para Chile. |
| He’s going along the street. | Va por la calle. |
| He’s going to the street. | Va para la calle. |
| I’m leaving through the park. | Salgo por el parque. |
| I’m leaving for the park. | Salgo para el parque. |
| Go for the car (to fetch). | Vaya por el coche. |
| Go to the car. | Vaya para el coche. |
| The dress was made by Louise. | El vestido fue hecho por Luisa. |
| The dress was made for Louise. | El vestido fue hecho para Luisa. |
| He did that for his sister’s sake. | El hizo eso por su hermana. |
| He did that for his sister (to give her). | El hizo eso para su hermana. |
| Why do you eat so much, Joseph? | ¿Por qué come Ud. tanto, José? |
| What do you eat so much for, Joseph? | ¿Para qué come Ud. tanto, José? |
| That’s why I bought it. | Por eso lo he comprado. |
| That’s the purpose I bought it for. | Para eso lo he comprado. |
| Because of having studied so much he doesn’t know anything. | Por haber estudiado tanto no sabe nada. |
| For one who has studied so much he doesn’t know anything. | Para haber estudiado tanto no sabe nada. |
| Because of being a friend of John’s, you have to speak well of him. | Por ser Ud. amigo de Juan tiene que hablar bien de él. |
| In order to be a friend of John’s you have to speak well of him. | Para ser Ud. amigo de Juan tiene que hablar bien de él. |
| I bought this overnight bag for Carmen (to give away), or through Carmen. | Compré este maletín por Carmen. |
| I bought this overnight bag for Carmen (to keep). | Compré este maletín para Carmen. |
| I worked in the Colonel’s place. | Trabajé por el coronel. |
| I worked for the Colonel. | Trabajé para el coronel. |
| I’ve been eating for the last three days. | He comido por tres días. |
| I’ve eaten enough to last three days. | He comido para tres días. |
| John’s in favor of leaving. | Juan está por salir. |
| John’s about to leave. | Juan está para salir. |
| I exchanged the clothing for the trunk. | Cambié la ropa por el baúl. |
| I changed the clothing (to) the trunk. | Cambié la ropa para el baúl. |
34.21.2 Colors
Names of colors in Spanish are largely adjectives. Many times a color designation is made by a comparison to some product with a fairly standard color, as color café or even color café con leche for different shades of brown — a color which does not have a single generic equivalent in Spanish.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| red | rojo |
| blue | azul |
| yellow | amarillo |
| purple | morado |
| green | verde |
| orange | anaranjado |
| white | blanco |
| black | negro |
| gray | gris |
Translation Drill
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| The black suitcase is upstairs. | La maleta negra está arriba. |
| I bought some white shoes. | Compré unos zapatos blancos. |
| That yellow pencil is mine. | Ese lápiz amarillo es mío. |
| My car is green and white. | Mi carro es verde y blanco. |
| My wife bought one purple blouse and another gray one. | Mi esposa compró una blusa morada y otra gris. |
| Whose is that blue hat? | ¿De quién es ese sombrero azul? |
| How much does that yellow tie cost? | ¿Cuánto cuesta esa corbata amarilla? |
| We sold the red sofa-bed. | Vendimos el sofá-cama rojo. |
| Louise has a black car. | Luisa tiene un coche negro. |
34.23 Variation Drills
A. ¿Vienes de verlo?
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Have you just invited him? | ¿Vienes de invitarlo? |
| Have you just convinced him? | ¿Vienes de convencerlo? |
| Have you just congratulated him? | ¿Vienes de felicitarlo? |
| Have you just met her? | ¿Vienes de conocerla? |
| Have you just introduced her? | ¿Vienes de presentarla? |
| Have you just helped her? | ¿Vienes de ayudarla? |
| Have you just waited on her? | ¿Vienes de atenderla? |
B. Acabo de hablar con él.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| I just ate with him. | Acabo de comer con él. |
| I’ve just been with her. | Acabo de estar con ella. |
| He just left with her. | Acaba de salir con ella. |
| He just came in with them (f). | Acaba de entrar con ellas. |
| He just lunched with me. | Acaba de almorzar conmigo. |
| We just spoke to the engineer. | Acabamos de conversar con el ingeniero. |
| We just decided it with the specialists. | Acabamos de decidirlo con los especialistas. |
C. No sabía que Surlandia necesitaba ayuda de esta clase.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| I didn’t know this country needed that kind of help. | No sabía que este país necesitaba ayuda de esa clase. |
| I didn’t know this industry needed that kind of help. | No sabía que esta industria necesitaba ayuda de esa clase. |
| I didn’t know you needed that kind of help. | No sabía que Ud. necesitaba ayuda de esa clase. |
| I didn’t know they needed that kind of help. | No sabía que ellos necesitaban ayuda de esa clase. |
| I didn’t know you all needed that kind of help. | No sabía que Uds. necesitaban ayuda de esa clase. |
| We didn’t know you all needed that type of technicians. | No sabíamos que Uds. necesitaban técnicos de esa clase. |
| We didn’t know you all needed that type of specialists. | No sabíamos que Uds. necesitaban especialistas de esa clase. |
D. Para preparar técnicos especialistas.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| To prepare air technicians. | Para preparar técnicos aéreos. |
| To prepare technical engineers. | Para preparar ingenieros técnicos. |
| To prepare specialized engineers. | Para preparar ingenieros especialistas. |
| To prepare technicians in agriculture. | Para preparar técnicos en agricultura. |
| To prepare technicians in industries. | Para preparar técnicos en industrias. |
| To prepare specialists in motors. | Para preparar especialistas en motores. |
| To prepare specialists in foreign relations. | Para preparar especialistas en relaciones exteriores. |
E. Para mejorar la agricultura y desarrollar la industria.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| To improve agriculture and develop commerce. | Para mejorar la agricultura y desarrollar el comercio. |
| To improve the coin and develop the economy. | Para mejorar la moneda y desarrollar la economía. |
| To improve the inspection and the customs. | Para mejorar la inspección y las aduanas. |
| To improve the airports and the bases. | Para mejorar los aeropuertos y las bases. |
| To improve the foreign relations. | Para mejorar las relaciones exteriores. |
| To develop a good commercial section. | Para desarrollar un buen sector comercial. |
| To have good health. | Para tener buena salud. |
F. ¿Lo pone todo Estados Unidos?
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Does this country put it all up? | ¿Lo pone todo este país? |
| Do you put it all up? | ¿Lo pone todo Ud.? |
| Do you do it all? | ¿Lo hace todo Ud.? |
| Does he give it all? | ¿Lo da todo él? |
| Does she spend it all? | ¿Lo gasta todo ella? |
| Do they prepare it all? | ¿Lo preparan todo ellos? |
| Do you decide it all? | ¿Lo deciden todo Uds.? |
34.24 Review Drills
34.24.1 English Subject-Verb — Spanish Object-Verb
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Joseph likes to have fun. | A José le gusta divertirse. |
| Carmen likes to drive. | A Carmen le gusta manejar. |
| John likes to bother. | A Juan le gusta molestar. |
| Martha likes to explain everything. | A Marta le gusta explicar todo. |
| Mary just needs her luggage. | A María le falta el equipaje. |
| Ana just needs permission. | A Ana le falta el permiso. |
| Carmen just needs her passport. | A Carmen le falta el pasaporte. |
| They like the pie. | A ellos les gusta el pastel. |
| I like the furniture. | A mí me gustan los muebles. |
| She likes the court. | A ella le gusta la cancha. |
| He thinks it’s small. | A él le parece pequeña. |
| We think it’s good. | A nosotros nos parece buena. |
| My parents think it’s too big. | A mis padres les parece muy grande. |
34.24.2 Relative Position of Parts of a Spanish Progressive Construction in Questions
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Is Mary winning? | ¿Está ganando María? |
| Is Joseph writing? | ¿Está escribiendo José? |
| Is Carmen sewing? | ¿Está cosiendo Carmen? |
| Are Martha and John talking? | ¿Están hablando Marta y Juan? |
| Are Carmen and Alice cleaning? | ¿Están limpiando Carmen y Alicia? |
| Are Joseph and Louise studying? | ¿Están estudiando José y Luisa? |
| Is John bathing? | ¿Se está bañando Juan? |
| Is Louis shaving? | ¿Se está afeitando Luis? |
| Is Paul moving? | ¿Se está mudando de casa Pablo? |
Note: The full drills (including replacement drills and conversation stimulus sections) are designed for oral work with audio. Open the Student Text PDF for complete drill sets.
34.4 Readings
34.41 Unas Cartas
34.42 Progreso Urbano