31.1 Basic Sentences — Dinner at Molina’s
White goes to José’s family’s house for the first time. The house is at some distance from the city. White meets Carmen there and José’s mother invites them all to dinner.
Vocabulary
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| to serve | servir |
| the rice | el arroz |
Dialog
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| John, help yourself to more rice. | Juan, sírvase más arroz. |
| Thank you, ma’am. But I’ve eaten like never before. | Muchas gracias, señora. Pero he comido como nunca. |
| very rich, very tasty | riquísimo |
| It’s very tasty. | Está riquísimo. |
| indifferent, not hungry | desganado |
| And you, Carmen, what’s the matter with you? | Y a tí Carmen, ¿qué te pasa? |
| You don’t look very hungry. | Te veo desganada. |
| the appetite | el apetito |
| Not hungry!? Why, I’ve got lots of appetite! | ¿Desganada? ¡Si tengo mucho apetito! |
| the (one) that | el que |
| the chicken | el pollo |
| the mama | la mamá |
| I’m the one who wants more chicken, mom. | Yo soy el que quiero más pollo, mamá. |
| the desire | la gana |
| with desires of, wanting to | con ganas de |
| That’s the way I like it — you always wanting to eat. | Así me gusta. Tú siempre con ganas de comer. |
| to know how to | saber |
| to cook | cocinar |
| John, do you know how to cook? | Juan, ¿tú sabes cocinar? |
| A little. | Un poco. |
| You see, José? You should learn, too. | ¿Ves José? Aprende tú también. |
| in jest, jokingly | en broma |
| Baby! Don’t say that even as a joke! | Chica, no lo digas ni en broma. |
| the case | el caso |
| to pay attention | hacer caso |
| the model | el modelo |
| Don’t pay any attention to him, Carmen. | No le hagas caso, Carmen. |
| He’s going to be a model husband. | Va a ser un marido modelo. |
| the plate | el plato |
| typical | típico |
| I was just thinking, ma’am. What is the most typical dish around here? | Estaba pensando, señora. ¿Cuál es el plato típico de aquí? |
| to suppose | suponer |
| more than | más de |
| Rice, I suppose. But there’s more than one. | El arroz, supongo. Pero hay más de uno. |
| Well, shall we drink our coffee in the living room? | Bueno. ¿Vamos a tomar el café en la sala? |
31.10 Notes on the Basic Sentences
(1) The form si, which is not the word sí ‘yes’, is often used at the beginning of exclamations simply to give force or emphasis. It is the same word as the si which elsewhere is translated ‘if’ or ‘whether’.
(2) El que ‘the (one) that’ is an instance of nominalization of the definite article. The process of nominalization will be examined in detail in Unit 35.
(3) In English we say, ‘I want more chicken,’ but ‘I’m the one who wants more chicken.’ In Spanish, the second verb can agree with either the subject of the main clause or the relative pronoun: yo soy el que quiero más… or yo soy el que quiere más…. In the plural, however, only the first-person form is used: somos los que queremos… not somos los que quieren….
(4) One of the most common ways of modifying a noun in English is to place another noun directly before it: cow-pony, college student, Air Force. This process is very rare in Spanish. Here, however, is an instance: marido modelo. That modelo is not an adjective is shown by the fact that it does not change form with a feminine noun: esposa modelo.
31.2 Drills and Grammar
31.21.1 Past Progressive Construction
The past progressive construction consists of a past II form of the verb estar plus the -ndo form of a verb. The -ndo forms are invariable — they never change for number, gender, etc.
| -ar | -er, -ir |
|---|
| -ndo form | -ando | -yendo |
| 1, 2-3 sg | estaba | |
| 2 fam | estabas | |
| 1 pl | estábamos | |
| 2-3 pl | estaban | |
Examples:
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| I was brushing my teeth. | Yo estaba limpiándome los dientes. |
| I was thinking, ma’am. | Estaba pensando, señora. |
| You were getting very fat. | Tú estabas engordando muchísimo. |
| The bomber squadron was landing. | El escuadrón de bombardeo estaba aterrizando. |
| Yesterday it was very hot. | Ayer estaba haciendo mucho calor. |
| We were getting accustomed to bull fights. | Nos estábamos acostumbrando a las corridas de toros. |
| Besides, you were responding frequently. | Además, ustedes estaban respondiendo con frecuencia. |
| The squadrons were taking off. | Las escuadrillas estaban despegando. |
Sometimes the English past progressive will be translated by a Spanish past II tense form:
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Just as I was starting to shave, the water went off. | En el momento que empezaba a afeitarme, se fue el agua. |
| I was coming home when it began to rain. | Venía para la casa cuando empezó a llover. |
| We were just leaving when some friends dropped in. | Ya salíamos cuando llegaron unos amigos. |
Substitution Drill — Tense Substitution
| Present Progressive | Past Progressive |
|---|
| Está lloviendo. | Estaba lloviendo. |
| Estamos jugando. | Estábamos jugando. |
| Está llamando. | Estaba llamando. |
| Estoy apostando. | Estaba apostando. |
| Están mirando. | Estaban mirando. |
| Estamos bebiendo. | Estábamos bebiendo. |
| Estoy perdiendo. | Estaba perdiendo. |
| Estás molestando. | Estabas molestando. |
Translation Drill
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| We were dancing. | Estábamos bailando. |
| They were saying goodbye to their friends. | Ellos se estaban despidiendo de sus amigos. |
| What was María sweeping? | ¿Qué estaba barriendo María? |
| Where were you teaching before? | ¿Dónde estaba enseñando Ud. antes? |
| They were singing. | Ellos estaban cantando. |
| He was shaving. | El se estaba afeitando. |
| Louise and Charles were strolling. | Luisa y Carlos estaban paseando. |
| It was raining. | Estaba lloviendo. |
| I was translating the lesson. | Yo estaba traduciendo la lección. |
| What were you all looking for? | ¿Qué estaban buscando Uds.? |
| Who was complaining? | ¿Quién se estaba quejando? |
31.23 Variation Drills
A. Juan, sírvase más arroz.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Help yourself to some more coffee. | Sírvase más café. |
| Get up earlier. | Levántese más temprano. |
| Go to bed later. | Acuéstese más tarde. |
| Shave better. | Aféitese mejor. |
| Pay attention better. | Fíjese mejor. |
| Behave. | Pórtese bien. |
| Hurry up. | Dése prisa. |
B. Pero he comido como nunca.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| But I’ve eaten about a dozen. | Pero he comido como una docena. |
| But I’ve eaten a lot. | Pero he comido mucho. |
| But we’ve eaten enough. | Pero hemos comido bastante. |
| But we’ve decided to go to the country. | Pero hemos decidido ir al campo. |
| But we haven’t decided on the date yet. | Pero no hemos decidido la fecha todavía. |
| But they’ve taken very good care of her. | Pero la han atendido muy bien. |
| But they’ve taken very poor care of her. | Pero la han atendido muy mal. |
C. Tú siempre con ganas de comer.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| You always wanting to eat so much. | Tú siempre con ganas de comer tanto. |
| You always wanting to go out late. | Tú siempre con ganas de salir tarde. |
| You always wanting to stick your foot in it. | Tú siempre con ganas de meter la pata. |
| You always wanting to complain about everything. | Tú siempre con ganas de quejarte de todo. |
| You never wanting to arrive on time. | Tú nunca con ganas de llegar a tiempo. |
| You never wanting to go to church. | Tú nunca con ganas de ir a misa. |
| You never wanting to see anybody. | Tú nunca con ganas de ver a nadie. |
D. ¿Tú sabes cocinar?
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Do you know how to drive? | ¿Tú sabes manejar? |
| Do you know how to translate? | ¿Tú sabes traducir? |
| Do you know how to dance? | ¿Ud. sabe bailar? |
| Does she know how to sew? | ¿Ella sabe coser? |
| Does he know how to speak Spanish? | ¿El sabe hablar español? |
| Do they know how to cook well? | ¿Ellas saben cocinar bien? |
| Do you all know how to get to the market? | ¿Uds. saben ir al mercado? |
E. No lo digas ni en broma.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Don’t repeat it even as a joke. | No lo repitas ni en broma. |
| Don’t take it even as a joke. | No lo lleves ni en broma. |
| Don’t wait for him even as a joke. | No lo esperes ni en broma. |
| Don’t explain it even as a joke. | No lo expliques ni en broma. |
| Don’t do it even as a joke. | No lo hagas ni en broma. |
| Don’t pay for it even as a joke. | No lo pagues ni en broma. |
| Don’t handle it even as a joke. | No lo manejes ni en broma. |
F. Va a ser un marido modelo.
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| She’s going to be a model wife. | Va a ser una esposa modelo. |
| She’s going to be a model child. | Va a ser una chica modelo. |
| It’s going to be a terrible thing. | Va a ser una cosa terrible. |
| It’s going to be a terrific party. | Va a ser una fiesta estupenda. |
| It’s going to be a very big help. | Va a ser una ayuda muy grande. |
| It’s going to be an excellent trip. | Va a ser un viaje excelente. |
| He’s going to be a phenomenal player. | Va a ser un jugador fenomenal. |
31.24 Review Drills
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| Playing golf is an art. | Jugar golf es un arte. |
| It’s an art to play golf. | Es un arte jugar golf. |
| Betting at the horse races is exciting. | Apostar en las carreras de caballos es emocionante. |
| It’s exciting to bet at the horse races. | Es emocionante apostar en las carreras de caballos. |
| Learning Spanish is very easy. | Aprender español es muy fácil. |
| It’s very easy to learn Spanish. | Es muy fácil aprender español. |
| Studying English is very difficult. | Estudiar inglés es muy difícil. |
| It’s very difficult to study English. | Es muy difícil estudiar inglés. |
| Shaving with cold water is horrible. | Afeitarse con agua fría es horrible. |
| It’s horrible to shave with cold water. | Es horrible afeitarse con agua fría. |
| Living at a hotel is not cheap. | Vivir en un hotel no es barato. |
| It’s not cheap to live at a hotel. | No es barato vivir en un hotel. |
| Getting up early is terrible. | Levantarse temprano es terrible. |
| It’s terrible to get up early. | Es terrible levantarse temprano. |
| English | Spanish |
|---|
| By working here, I learn more. | Trabajando aquí, aprendo más. |
| By living together, we pay less. | Viviendo juntos, pagamos menos. |
| If we arrive early, we can talk to the boss. | Llegando temprano, podemos hablar con el jefe. |
| If we lunch here, we pay more. | Almorzando ahí, pagamos más. |
| If we eat here, we pay less. | Comiendo aquí, pagamos menos. |
| If you go out every night, you can’t study. | Saliendo todas las noches, no puede estudiar. |
| If you arrive late, you can’t leave early. | Llegando tarde, no puede salir temprano. |
| If you study here, you’ll learn more. | Estudiando aquí, aprende más. |
| If you bet one more time, you may win. | Apostando una vez más, Ud. puede ganar. |
| If you win again, you can pay the bill. | Ganando otra vez, puede pagar la cuenta. |
| By eating enough, I work better. | Comiendo bastante, trabajo mejor. |
Note: The full drills (including replacement drills and conversation stimulus sections) are designed for oral work with audio. Open the Student Text PDF for complete drill sets.
31.4 Readings
31.41 Los Negocios en Surlandia
31.42 La Interdependencia Económica