Grammar Focus
- Verb: /a-/ verbs
- Causatives in /a-/ and /as-/
- Passive-reflexive verbs
- Classification and notation
- Relational affix /k(e)-/ with perfective: "if" and "since"
Course Material
This unit introduces causative and passive-reflexive verb forms. You will learn the causative prefixes /a-/ and /as-/, the passive-reflexive prefix /tə-/, and how /k(e)-/ interacts with the perfective in certain constructions. These derivational patterns greatly expand your verb vocabulary, letting you express causing someone to act, and actions done to or by oneself.
Basic Sentences (መሠረታዊ ዓረፍተ ነገሮች)
| Amharic | English |
|---|---|
| amarıñña astemmarə | He taught (caused to learn) Amharic |
| ınjəra abəllahu | I fed (caused to eat) him |
| lıjun ahedkut | I made the child go |
| bunnna asTeTTahu | I served (caused to drink) coffee |
| dəbdabbewn aSafkut | I had him write the letter |
| betun asdəggəfkut | I had him close the house |
| bəru təkəffətə | The door was opened (by itself) |
| ınjəra təbəlla | The injera was eaten |
| dəbdabbew təSafə | The letter was written |
| amarıñña tətəmarə | Amharic was learned |
| kə-bet meTTa | He came from the house |
| kə-sıra bəhwala | after work |
| wədə bet təməlləsku | I returned home |
Key Vocabulary
| Amharic | English |
|---|---|
| a- | causative prefix (simple) |
| as- | causative prefix (intensive/double) |
| tə- | passive-reflexive prefix |
| astəmarə | he taught (caused to learn) |
| abəlla | he fed (caused to eat) |
| aTeTTa | he gave drink to |
| ahedə | he sent, made go |
| akəffətə | he opened (caused to open) |
| asaffərə | he made write |
| asdərrəgə | he made do |
| təkəffətə | it was opened |
| təbəlla | it was eaten |
| təSafə | it was written |
| təsəbbərə | it was broken |
| tətəmarə | it was learned |
Grammar Notes
/a-/ Verbs — Simple Causatives
The prefix a- creates causative verbs from base verbs, meaning “make someone do” or “cause to”:
| Base verb | Causative | English |
|---|---|---|
| bəlla (eat) | abəlla | he fed (caused to eat) |
| TeTTa (drink) | aTeTTa | he gave to drink |
| hedə (go) | ahedə | he sent (caused to go) |
| Komə (stand) | aKomə | he made stand, stopped |
| ayye (see) | aayye | he showed |
Causatives conjugate like regular verbs:
| Person | abəlla (feed) |
|---|---|
| 1sg | abəllahu |
| 2sg m. | abəllah |
| 3sg m. | abəlla |
| 3sg f. | abəllaččə |
| 1pl | abəllan |
| 3pl | abəllau |
Causatives with /as-/ — Double Causative
The prefix as- creates a more intensive or indirect causative:
| Base verb | as- Causative | English |
|---|---|---|
| təmarə (learn) | astəmarə | he taught (caused to learn) |
| Safə (write) | asSafə | he made write (dictated) |
| dərrəgə (do) | asdərrəgə | he made do, had done |
| kəffətə (open) | askəffətə | he had opened |
The difference: a- is direct causation; as- implies indirect or delegated causation.
Passive-Reflexive with /tə-/
The prefix tə- forms passive or reflexive verbs:
| Active | Passive-Reflexive | English |
|---|---|---|
| Safə (wrote) | təSafə | was written |
| bəlla (ate) | təbəlla | was eaten |
| kəffətə (opened) | təkəffətə | was opened |
| səbbərə (broke) | təsəbbərə | was broken |
| təmarə (learned) | tətəmarə | was learned |
| gəzza (bought) | təgəzza | was bought |
Passive-reflexive verbs conjugate for person like any other verb:
| Person | təSafə (was written) |
|---|---|
| 1sg | təSafku |
| 3sg m. | təSafə |
| 3sg f. | təSafəčč |
| 1pl | təSafn |
| 3pl | təSafu |
/k(e)-/ with Perfective
The preposition kə- with perfective verbs expresses “after doing” or “since doing”:
| Amharic | English |
|---|---|
| kə-hedə bəhwala | after he went |
| kə-bəlla bəhwala | after he ate |
| kə-məTTahu gar | since I came |
Drills (ልምምዶች)
Drill 1: Form Causatives with a-
| Base verb | Causative | English |
|---|---|---|
| bəlla | abəlla | he fed |
| TeTTa | ? | ? |
| hedə | ? | ? |
| Qomə | ? | ? |
Drill 2: Form Causatives with as-
| Base verb | as- Causative | English |
|---|---|---|
| təmarə | astəmarə | he taught |
| Safə | ? | ? |
| dərrəgə | ? | ? |
| kəffətə | ? | ? |
Drill 3: Form Passive-Reflexive with tə-
| Active | Passive | English |
|---|---|---|
| Safə | təSafə | was written |
| bəlla | ? | ? |
| gəzza | ? | ? |
| səbbərə | ? | ? |
| kəffətə | ? | ? |
Drill 4: Translation
| English | Amharic |
|---|---|
| He taught Amharic | amarıñña astəmarə |
| I fed the child | ? |
| The door was opened | ? |
| The letter was written | ? |
| She made him go | ? |
Narrative
Kebede bə-tımhırt bet astəmari new. amarıñña yastəmral. bəyyə Kən temariwoččun amarıñña yastəmral. təmariwočč amarıñña ıyyətəmaru new. zare Kebede lıjočč-un abəlla. bunnna-m asTeTTaččəw. kə-mısa bəhwala dəbdabbe təSafə. dəbdabbew bə-amarıñña təSafə. bəru təkəffətə, lıjočč-um wədə bet təməlləsu. amarıñña bə-ıne-m tətəmarə — Kebede astəmmarəñ.
Kebede is a teacher at school. He teaches Amharic. Every day he teaches his students Amharic. The students are learning Amharic. Today Kebede fed the children. He also served them coffee. After the meal, a letter was written. The letter was written in Amharic. The door was opened, and the children returned home. Amharic was learned by me too — Kebede taught me.
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